The science and technology of 21 century - John, this Dr. Ji

John, this Dr. and Zeng-Ren-Tian-Na-Xi university Ji are physical to instruct , technical assessment office director of United States Congress, the former American Clinton adviser of the president of science and technology and policy office director of the White House of science and technology at the same time take the responsibility for supervising the national committee of science and technology for domestic decision-making adviser committee, national economic council and the council member of national security , coordinate the budget of the entire federal government and policy of science and technology. Is currently the American global special adviser and American project courtyard senior academician of Secretary of State of general affairs.ContentScientific knowledge as well as its application that passes through project science and technology are to promote economic increased engine, it may make people reach own purpose, and these purposes can't reach through other means. It is economic increased engine , is also the means that improve life quality , such as our health, our environment and our safety. But at the same time, this kind of progress may also arouse a lot serious problem and great each kind of thought, promising good possibility, also have by the possibility of ill use, we should want to maintain altitude for the role of the positive and negative two aspects of the development of science and technology is sensitive. America has one, is powerful to create the system of new knowledge, we select the best thought, the system of the best people and the best organization is very competitive and creativity. Fair competitive process is very important forever for the result with the best choice , and will have corresponding repayment for successful person. But in the aspect of basic research, can not determine that the what field of basic research is most possible successfully, because you can not foresee the future of background science. Background science is to be able to however do general forecast for the exploration of unknown world through experience used in promoting the investment of the knowledge forward development of forward position and will always bring very good repayment to those investors. Burgeoning industry is basic with knowledge, it depends on have gotten education can grasp the people of advanced technique, it also relies on that unceasing new discovery and technology are improved , as well as new technology changes to be commercial product quickly. We must design very good method, come make new discovery have steped horizontal when its obstacle between market. We can bring what to us for new thought , can only do some guesses. Actually, is from the discovery in the aspect of science and engineering technology , go to society for its importance recognize , for example Nobel Prize, from discovery to the time span recognized , it is often 20 years. The science and technology that have influence today study progress, is when cell, member and atom level go on , it is also so called nanometer science and technology. Actually nanometer science and technology have development very much in a lot of aspects prospect. On nanometer science and technology and its development direction, the difference between traditional subject has been wiped quickly by interdisciplinary cooperation very. Interdisciplinary cooperation has possessed leading position in the discovery of forward position. So, know how to is interdisciplinary , and so as collective instead of do research with individual, become more and more important. It can play the part of the most important role , and is sensible to use these technical more important, a lot of problems , need to pass a century of 50 years as population increase and energy systematic, global angry marquis change , then can have obvious change if the breakthrough in the aspect of science and technology develops for society, positive-appearing image a Chinese the ancients says , the trip in 1000, under foot, we must want to consider this problem , and handle this problem in this century.FullI have had got the working career of science and technology near 50 years, I know that 50 years are so momentary for a person. This is a very momentary time really, but a person can study some things really in the time of 50 years. I hope me in this time to study the thing that arrives , help for you today. The first matter that I study is scientific knowledge as well as its application that passes through project science and technology , is to promote economic increased engine, it may make people reach own purpose, and these purposes can't reach through other means. It is economic increased engine , is also the means that improve life quality , such as our health, our environment and our safety. So, the personage of our circle of science and technology is to help whole mankind to create the tool of more beautiful life. I regard it as the work of a kind of mission. But at the same time, this kind of progress may also arouse a lot serious problem and great each kind of thought, promising good possibility, also have by the possibility of ill use, we should want to maintain altitude for the role of the positive and negative two aspects of the development of science and technology is sensitive. Such as message science and technology, is from mobile phone to computer, may increase our ability of exchanging and geting message in large quantities, for instance internet. But at the same time, this kind of science and technology have put forward challenge for the concept of our privacy , have also brought to abuse this kind of danger of the ability that gets message. For instance, if have wrong thing on net, the thing that our child will not only see in geting on the Internet can also see those wrong things. So for the circle personage of science and technology, not only, will realize the opportunity brought by new science and technology , will at the same time also prevent that science and technology had been abused in social development, this is also important. Another example is advanced weapon. These weapons had been developed in duration of cold war, now, cold war has finished , but at the same time, we and Chinese, Russian as well as other some countries are the same , are faced with control in duration of cold war, is large-scale as developing to kill and wound the problem of weapon. After we enter this century, this is a huge challenge that we are faced with. We also know , advanced weapon has played the part of important role peacefully for protection, now has spread some persons that attempt for the own benefit of personal gain to use them is on hand, this has destructiveness very much. So, though, the contribution of the circle of science and technology that personage has made for society greatly will be but at the same time also the ill use of technology and the bad aspect of these technologies, have certain responsibility.I think share with you somewhat I am for some viewpoints of the global strategy of science and technology of 21 century. Talk about that America is economic, people can say that America has very rich resource as well as other conditions to make it have reached its economy to increase. We have multinational diligent people, but a lot of other countries also have same characteristic, they also have the rich people of resource and diligence. America has one, is powerful to create the system of new knowledge, we select the best thought, the system of the best people and the best organization is very competitive and creativity. Fair competitive process is very important forever for the result with the best choice , and will have corresponding repayment for successful person. But in the aspect of basic research, can not determine that the what field of basic research is most possible successfully, because you can not foresee the future of background science. Background science is to be able to however do general forecast for the exploration of unknown world through experience used in promoting the investment of the knowledge forward development of forward position and will always bring very good repayment to those investors. In America, we always discover , in decade 20 years or 30 years, in certain period, for the input of the advanced technical research of background science, having every year for society to be as high as 30% go to 50% of repayments. The return rate of this kind of investment is very high, but we can not know definitely that which one can succeed , we may surely have very big repayment really in this respect merely. I will give some examples, for instance optical fiber is in 1966 , its is a concept in a very ordinary field of physics, but now, it undertakes the long-distance communication of American most. It is a interesting result of many subjects that combination produces mutually. Glass chemical engineering, the laser of frequency conversion, high speed electron as well as other different technologies are synthesized , just make the development of the technology of optical fiber become possible. From it, the another experience that gets is , is very important since geting knowledge in special field , but is a lot of and professional to combine , is also interdisciplinary work , is also very important. In this respect, whole are often larger than each partial the sums. This is present Scientists and Technologists has the opportunity the matter of doing , this is very important method , is also so for university. Another example, global satellite location system. This is from many basic researches blend produce , as physics, software, communication technical, high speed electronics and space science, have these combinations together. It first develops for the purpose of military navigation, now, it develops in global commercial market, is used in nautical, aerial safety very quickly and for the monitoring of global ecosystem, with the operation mechanism of analysis ecosystem. Global satellite location system has very high accurateness , now has a little screen in a lot of new-type automobiles, so long as you take off button according to one, may show in the accurate location on map above that a map may show you, this will be owing to global satellite location system. Another example and bad weather are foreseen , this has enhanced us, is for the understanding of the various factor that influences weather gentle time , this kind of technology comes from in space platform, the combination of powerful computer ability and the atmospheric scientific research that lasts. It makes us have avoided the loss of many lives and properties.Burgeoning industry is basic with knowledge, it depends on have gotten education can grasp the people of advanced technique, it also relies on that unceasing new discovery and technology are improved , as well as new technology changes to be commercial product quickly. I want to emphasize , the arising of new thought and it to the fast flow of market product. Because foundation is discovered and new idea from laboratory to the floating process of market, is one very disaster goes road, because this is two different campaigns , is sometimes this kind of and floating and is not unobstructed. In America we have time is called as it to die grain between, is in following two, one side is the discovery of new knowledge , is that it is product and the application that serves in society. We must design very good method, come make new discovery have steped horizontal when its obstacle between market. We can bring what to us for new thought , can only do some guesses. Actually, is from the discovery in the aspect of science and engineering technology , go to society for its importance recognize , for example Nobel Prize, from discovery to the time span recognized , it is often 20 years. Needs then can make people know for 20 years a practical value discovered recently, so make it get Nobel Prize recognize. This also explains that we must want to study very conscientiously a importance discovered up to talent and the time of enough long process to understand its application value. Are you Charles? At the time that Tang En Si and its colleague discover laser , they did not think the laser that they invent , meeting when the current receipt money in supermarket Taiwan goes up , the bar code used in inspection merchandise, their treats as it a kind of very interesting physical phenomenon. Moreover one of my example, the early investment of federal government for APPA net. This is a high-tech research project of the Ministry of National Defence, it is a national computer network at the beginning, it is not only helpful for our national defence to work , has also brought Internet and WWW naturally to us. Is present whom has not used WWW? Does this make one surprising very much , are not? If no WWW and mobile phone, we will how to live , I do not know really. My another example, is public fund for the investment of member biology, genetically engineered agriculture and biological medical research, this urges to have given birth to varied bioengineering industry. In America, only this industry has offered 100 thousand employment opportunities , and has the sale annual income of 8000 million dollars. The investment of us for science and technology, it is not the meaning in the aspect of economy, with my viewpoint, at least also picture the meaning of so called market economic aspect is the same and major. We will know that market usual is to calculate the limited part of value and all costs of a kind of invention, but other return Wei non market value. Such as environmental quality, we must also consider. Such as the research of the aspects such as biological technology, medicine and medical equipment, have offered more healthy life for us. The research in the aspect of environment has offered more pure air through better monitoring, prevention and restoration technology to us, the water cleaned more, more lasting durable land. Through satellite and computer imitating the inspection forecast technology that forms , help we have saved those is lost by the property and life that typhoon, snowstorm and other extreme weathers cause. The research in the aspect of agriculture, having produced is rich and more safe , is more healthy , more the food of delicious food. The research of space science, make aviation more safe. The research in the aspect of energy, for us, has offered the energy cleaned more, reduce us for coal and petroleum rely on. Message and long-distance communication technology make carrying out instant intercourse in global scope become possible , contact for me, with E - mail and China, contact the same aspect with the neighbor of next door with me. This makes one wonder at really.Perhaps today, the science and technology that have influence study progress, is when cell, member and atom level go on , it is also so called nanometer science and technology. Actually nanometer science and technology have development very much in a lot of aspects prospect. On nanometer science and technology and its development direction, the difference between traditional subject has been wiped quickly by interdisciplinary cooperation very. Interdisciplinary cooperation has possessed leading position in the discovery of forward position. So, know how to is interdisciplinary , and so as collective instead of do research with individual, become more and more important.Downstairs, I say my second viewpoint , am also public and am private to invest in the role in research and development. My special emphatic country is promoting the role in the development of science and technology. First, we must want to guarantee to study for background science to offer very strong support , extend constantly forward with the forward position that promotes knowledge. I am very glad to know , the research funds of the Chinese Academy of Sciences are increasing. This has also reflected a kind of confidence, for the future of China, when the investment in the aspect of science and technology, it is a best investment. Another cannot be replacing to take affect , training to understand science somewhat understand technical worker. It is not only scientist and engineer , but is all worker, make them get up better with knowledge arms, to meet pay those world. This kind of educational another benefit may make people enjoy a kind of life that enriches more , and has a kind of better understanding for they live in the world in which. Knowledge as if a beautiful drawing, if you have no knowledge, can not appreciate this drawing , 3th role is to offer a market environment in order to encourage to invent and make investment. The another role of government is to offer a kind of establishment and defends the method of system in order to ensure , is for the protection of environment, ecosystem, human health and safety , as well as it is for the protection of intellectual property , such as patent. At the same time, still promote the mutually beneficial cooperation of science and technology. The cooperation in the aspect of science and technology is a a very important aspect of Sino-U.S. relation. We know that the benefit in the aspect of science and technology brought by cooperation will be far larger than market meaning , for instance protect with the climate and quality of potable water for national security, the health of the public and air , educate and train with food safety as well as environment has important meaning. But as I mention , science and technology can also cause some dangers also besides market, for instance ethics studies the problem of aspect. Is in America , this kind of ethics the problem of studying aspect , have made American the president have established a national biological ethics consulting committee in order to offer suggestion to the president and Congress. This committee is by scientist, ethics studies home as well as other scholar common compositions. This committee is for guarantee we can so as use latest technology to the social way that causes minimum disadvantage to influence. The research and development that has only country fund talent guarantee for these aspect problems have enough attention, as market is not large for these market meanings, but very important problem, can not give enough attention. Absolutely most of this respects are studied , the international standard that need to somewhat unify , so, the development of science and technology makes us more and more become the community of a globalness instead of single country naturally. I still want to mention the another important role of country. National and private cooperation is very important , may promote to increase important role for economy , and can offer technology and the research of many opportunities of labour employment, and this kind of research and technology are to can not attract enough private investment perhaps. Private investment is often that flow direction can however have in the field that gets repayment in some years the very multiple field wanted , needs long time talent to get repayment , this needs cooperation or the input of national fund, the problem of not only consider this acting person because of public fund, and to consider the problem of next generation, so, American government has special investment for research and development, for in those private places with not sufficient investment, and private investment on the foundation of sharing cost carry out cooperation, because of these investments for private investment have is very high, the technical risk that is hard to accept.I have said just now that this kind of investment has very high repayment, I now talk about public personal cooperative problem. A important reason is , along with the development of time, in industry, the life-span of product becomes more and more short such as note-book computer or the effective life-span of mobile phone and them. You buy a mobile phone today, perhaps in few years, it is out of date, and not because it can not use , is because of it not picture new is so good. So, the life period of product is more and more short. This is very important, because if company must concentrate attention when the words of two to 3 year, them do not be willing to make investment for some long term projects. So in market private investment company meeting as those is in 1 or 2 years , for 2 or 3 years, it can be effective to invent creation, carry out investment. If need the time of decade, then can develop a kind of brand-new basic technology, for instance renewable energy, this is inconsistent with the requirement of private investment obviously, this is why we needs this kind of public personal cooperation. This is the problem that we are working for solution. I think when this introduction a experience in the aspect of next American public personal cooperation. America already establishment some projects of public personal cooperation, to guarantee the enforcement of these projects, first, these projects must be the government with market as drive and the private important field where sets this plan together and decides to study together. Additionally, cost will be shared , private fund and government fund will be concentrated , private fund will undertake half or half more. This needs a analog market test, so as make private fund determine this project whether too not limit or is insignificant. So, market and fictitious market test are very important. What is important additionally is that this work must be competitive , and is , is taking achievement as foundation, and to get the appraisement of colleague members, that is said, it must want to then can establish this project through traveling together for its assessment. It will want to lift example if I wait. It is competitive and will evaluate by colleague members, is helpful to make planing concentrate when have have creative aspect. Finally, this work still gets regular and strict assessment in order to guarantee to plan to be able to reach expected purpose. So, it is a very important aspect that for public personal cooperation, project carries out the assessment in process. We know , when this kind of cooperative relation of 20 century always progress comparison is good. For instance in the aspect of agriculture, aviation, health, electron, space and biological science and technology, when we enter 21 century afterwards we discovery we are faced with and the huge opportunity of gentle prosperity, at the same time also for the freedom of safe, global steady as well as our tradition have brought new challenge. The finish of cold war has enlarged the opportunity of our peaceful alliance, however the finish of cold war afterwards, then come to is that a kind of danger spreads more , more diversified environment. In world-wide scopes people and the strengthening of technical and fund mobility as well as the floating acceleration of message, this has promoted continuation and the prosperity of whole world strongly to develop , but on the other hand, this also makes some advanced weapons have spread , including killing and wounding weapon somewhat massively. The consumer pressure of population of increase as well as whole world has caused the deterioration of environment and the plenty of consumptions of global resource, when have country is so , this has consumed our long-term economic energy, have shaken our politics stabilize. Consider some following statistical figures, these statistical figures are about we the global ecosystem relied on, this is the average of whole world, global arable land shows that land is degraded, the agricultural land of global 60% shows that degenerates. When the global forested agricultural campaign of area ratio begins , has reduced half, this 10 thousand years are controled , come with geographical time to see , this is yesterday just. In view of this reason, I think that on the foundation of existing cooperation, we need to strengthen the close co-operative partnership of many countries. On the research and development in following project carry out cooperation, genome and climate change are marine to study research , still have the aspects such as biological diversity and nuclear fission. We must carry out cooperation with the attitude of global unification , find knowledge and solve the method of globalness crisis, we what to be done? I think for now the infectious disease of the new appearance of new appearance outbreak, is threatening the tragedy of world-wide people's healthes and HIV AIDSs that aggravated increasingly , have proved this clearly. Influence, animal and plant healthy disease are stretching quickly, this is because of the increase of trade and travel cause. In global scope, this influences human health and productivity.The deterioration of the rapid increase of population, the pollution of as well as big scope and other environmental factors at the same time still has the reliable lack of clean drinking water, there are still the person of whole 1/5 who still lacks clean drinking water in whole world. These all factors have caused these diseases aggravate and stretch , for science and technician, this is very huge challenge. Actually, a very famous doctor has told me , is in the aspect of medical science , the biggest achievement of 20 century, is sanitary project instead of medicine, sanitary project may reduce disease occur.I still want to talk over natural calamity, this as have country is very important. For instance, I learn surprisingly, when American natural calamity such as flood and seismic, tornado etc., them average for America want cause every week the loss of 1000 million dollars. This has also reflected a kind of fact , is more and more big for us to get the influence of this kind of natural calamity. So scientific and technical personnel does any is helpful to know natural calamity and prevention its work that occurs , it is very huge potential repayment for society. Natural calamity can so as as this suddenly and disastrous way, cause huge loss for human life and sustainable development, such as tornado or typhoon. Globalness threat still has the disappearance of species as climate change and the damage of ozonosphere , need to be realized and formed via tens of annual talents by people into crisis, if need tens of years, most of that politicians will not notice these problems , have only recent problem to arouse their attention, so these factors no matter near future or is forward, is healthy for this acting person of next generation have brought very huge challenge with long term welfare.I think that for world, the damage of biological diversity is a especially pressing crisis. The aftermath of this problem lies in that they are not recoverable. In if air has dust, if we stop making dust, we may let them disappear in few weeks. But if some of our species have disappeared , we can not recover it forever, them forever disappearance , for us, it is so with our progeny. The permanence of species disappears to signify that for us as well as our progeny, we will not use these animals and plants , come as our medicine, oil, fiber, food, chemical raw material as well as other, is for the source of very important thing us. This is called as is ecosystem service, we of course accept them always, we feel that they are free products , are the free product besides market. But we know that these have offered very important material foundation for our economic development, but in modern economic accounting system, we do not calculate them always. It is present to have economist, please need not raise hand. But we need more economist , come to consider that these help to come to protect these non market values for being not the value in the aspect of market society.I still emphasize that say that global population explode , this is very important problem , and is also a prerequisite of a lot of difficult conditions that we discuss just now. Recent history shows , when many developing countries, even as the increase of the most remarkable total output value, will be also offseted by rapid population increase. I think that in the countries such as Saudi Arabia, this kind of rapid population increase speed , are far larger than the increase speed of their petroleum and economy. So even if their economy still increases , however, the average income of everybody has not increased. This will cause the increase of tense situation obviously, and this may cause violence conflict. I think China in cross-century stage, in the aspect of controling population increase to reach some average state , the work done is a very good model for whole world. I can know soberly for Chinese, is this kind of to be concerned with the challenge of progeny, and feel proud. This is not the work that is easy very much , but is very important work. Until 2050, our global total population will exceed 8000 million. It is in those cities of developing country that these increase unique most, world-wide city population will increase from the 1000 million of 1985 years to the 4000 million of 2025 years , will increase 4 times in 1940. Urbanization and the increase of income aggravate , can cause people the change of food structure, the besides overall increase of population, this signifies that people can increase for the demand of food and other resources. In 2025, for the demand of this kind of productivity, can increase two times more , is in 1925 only. This is the increase of a kind of expansion , but cannot last. So, the challenge been faced with by scientific and technical personnel is clear this kind of tendency , makes people understand this kind of condition , and try to solve it. No matter being single or being overall, this kind of threat can cause the instability of country for developing country. So when the research in the aspect of nature and social sciences, it is to know aftermath, characteristic and the source of these international problems , and finds the solution method of these problems. It is very complex to have these problems, change multiterminal interacts , and is related each other. So, this needs domestic natural science, home of social sciences and engineer, as well as policy maker cooperates together. We must understand better mutually , cooperate mutually , understand and deal with these problems together.It can play the part of the most important role if the breakthrough in the aspect of science and technology develops for society, sensible use these technologies is more important. In this respect, a challenge is to how to use new technology fully , makes it be biggest to raise productivity, not the long-term infringement of causing for natural resource many shapes and integralities. For instance, science and technology have produced green revolution, is efficient as bringing , in world-wide scopes, have raised the output of agricultural product. But at the same time, it is bad to irrigate system , also makes land have produced degeneration , uses chemical fertilizer in large quantities, have also polluted us seriously water resource, this also explains that our science and technology are not perfect. A lot of problems need to pass a century of 50 years as population increase and energy systematic, global climate change, then can have obvious change. Positive-appearing image a Chinese the ancients says , the trip in 1000, begining from foot take off. We must want to consider this problem , and handle this problem in this century.Under me, want to talk over 21 century, I do not think that I still have alive meeting after 100 years, but perhaps , but I for 100 years subsequent what matter is very interested. When you become a grandfather, you can think of very far the following matter. I am now a grandfather, so, I will think that the following matter and this of 100 years are very normal. There is a Latin word, call Carp Saeculum, Carp Saeculum meaning is to see a century. 21 century is that one is filled with century of miracle, because a lot of most basic challenge is concentrated in this century, this is our crucial time. But I do not want to talk too many , because this is your problem after all. But I think that it is necessary to think deeply with 21 century very much. Will have the result of the development of aspect to concentrate in front of us , make us be in a very crucial condition, this is why " continuation development " this word becomes very popular. People begin to think of problem long termly , and not only want to take off one year , take off decade , but are the more long-term problem thought of. We should become a engine that produces change , in order to make us make world change by the state of a expansion to return the state of a balance. With some form, though, we do not know what form this is , but I know that in 100 years, we can enter those state. It is very glad to thank for your patience of this morning with you together, I also hope that my talk helps for you, and I welcome you to put forward problem. Thank.Ask question: Thank you for your speech , do you think that the science and technology of China should adopt those strategy? Is to imitate other country like Japan, the accomplishment that uses other country , or as America, establishment new industry, develop new technology , thanks such as IT.Answer: Thank for your very good problem. I think of our best opportunity is the economy of our to following direction transformation, I think we should the more wisdom that uses us comes to use material produce product and service, and as far as possible reduce zonule boundary influence. This meaning we should regard as problem when a kind of more enclose in system, goal is zero waste , uses fully , and is the material of repeated usage. This is a way out , is in Europe with America, is improving using some new technologies , come to replace the use of resource. This is so called backward industrial social transformation, and message industry is also subsequent. Produce because if you think with minimum waste, coming , need the repeated usage of IT and quality control as well as material , actually this is to message society transformation. This does not signify that we do not need product and service , signifies merely that they had been gotten with additionally a kind of way. Person has asked me that it is economic that so called non material melts , denote the thing that we need is more and more few, I say that is not, our is to use different way to handle problem , this have to come from have innovation science and technology. Thanks.Ask question: My problem is , in America, how to do you appraise research results? , especially those researches that get fund from government, because of us, know that the needs of basic research then can get very good result in a lot of years. Thanks.Answer: A very good problem, United States Congress has put forward a " government behavior and result bill ", this proposal gets to pass. They say how our Congress wants to know that you are the fund that gives you using last year every year , you have reached what result. When this very various more easy appraisement, such as healthy service offer etc.. Will however make appraisement in one year, two years and 5 years for background science is very difficult. These money use how about, so, America is also solving this problem. More and more when being concerned with to make investment for basic research, come to appraise its value in time , invest in effect with assessment. This is a problem that has challenge very much really, but it also has some methods to handle it and national scientific foundation , has a detailed report to American the president and Congress, about how to be sensible to appraise some importances of basic research. I think because being basic research, so do not know it to go actually arrive where, when final analysis, a most basic condition comes to determine it value, it is that your research results are quoted by how many peoples, it loses thing that people can obtain from you more. What make one surprising is that they are not to seek answer in national scientific fund, they are to seek answer in the patent of private application. In the patent that has how many applications , have quoted your thing, they will discover all research of various national supports, take effect in the behind of these patents. This is the appraisement of a kind of correlation , appraises from other aspects. So in ESF report really, some assessments are machine made, you may know more message from it. Let me appreciate your patience and enthusiasm again, I feel very surprising for that your English level is definite, if my Chinese level has your 1%, I will be very obliged , thanks.