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China makes garden, have long historical and advanced attainments, is rated as art and feel no qualms; Make garden history in world, it develops own school , and is for thing , side makes garden have produced certain influence, to have the beautiful reputation of " China is the mother of world garden ". Here, it may be eastern and Japanese and is western and European to introduce some conditions mainly briefly.銆€銆€1, it is China makes the history that garden has had 3 dry many years probably , and forms a unique system. In its development process, it has intercourse early with foreign country. When east, only with the Chinese continent that borders on country, wait as Korea and Vietnam to get its influence early outside, separate sea adjacent Japan , have long also refered to Chinese ancient times to make the achievement of horticulture technique and technology.The opinion of Japanese( 593-709Year)Former few garden information, the residential image depicted on the ancient mirror that archaeology excavation gets comes to see , is planting some trees nearby house. Since fly bird , Nai good times( 593-793Year), the continent culture with Chinese culture as mainstream is passed after Japan, it makes horticulture technique, have just occured the progress of a leap. In recent years Japan comes out this period flow out a cup of canal incomplete stone, have shown beginning since enter person to pursue Lin Quan is Yin this garden content " bent current Shang", at that time already classical works go to Japan.Or Yue,7End8In century,(Bird), the saying of "immortal" as well as the Taoism thought of China is passed into Japan, actually, should far early in this period. This thought produces influence obviously for its garden creation , is asked to pawn9Century early( 794-1185Year)Garden works in, have gotten more extensive reflection. At that time Yu in Yuan Ji noble residence " claim pool spring garden ", convenient is picture China Tang the mountain pool courtyard that has mountain in acting pool form. Such as Japan when1086The bird feather that builds in year is away1574-1867Year).1598The masterpiece that year builds and(Peng Lai)Practice. To river household times, no matter dukes Yu Yuan , temple garden in, still general personal family garden, adopt extensively Peng theme of island supernatural mountain. Do not expect the installation of island afterwards already do not be confined to 3, and it is to take its culvert justice only, on composition one or more have done not stick to. Peng the further development of island supernatural mountain, form then the form of tortoise island and crane island that Japan melts. The influence of this ideological trend, always continue modern age.In history, China makes the another7,8Pass Japan at the intersection of two centuries; Buddhist thought creates for its garden influence is far-reaching, seem more very is in China. Japan " claim must Mi mountain " , " 9 mountain 8 sea stones" tactic, it is the sign of this influence. Japan makes the Buddhist thought in garden, is specific as influencing , asking when safe mid-term( 10Century11Century). Mao Yue the so-called garden(According)TypicalAs Chinese culture take the sea-voyage eastward , make garden skill had been also directly introduced completely to Japan. At that time in Japan make garden, exclude above-mentioned Peng island supernatural mountain and" the world of pure land"(Japan makes the understanding)Creative ideological trend outside, having further fair more to imitate the works of Chinese ancient system appear. For example, when safe times imitation Tang Chang An plans the safe capital and palace built Yuan in, have to take Yi week writing Wang Ling You creation prohibit Yuan - - " supernatural spring Yuan ".Chinese garden artistic ideological trend influences the creation of Japanese garden always; In history, Chinese social thought flow to change , also not take role not for its creation. The Buddhist ideological influence in Chinese garden art, though, have infected the creation of Japanese safe dynasty, however for its garden shake-up with more deep artistic conception, is when1186-1333Year between - - sickle storehouse times, Buddhist and Song Ru reason studies ideological biography to enter afterwards. Buddhist and reason study thought for the Japanese ruler at that time - -" domestic force" use , because of award and the high praise on politics, one o'clock, get very rapid development then. Buddhist and the philosophy thought of justice reason spread generally in Japan , go deep into folk and become the around social dominant of prevailing custom, is when1334-1573Year(Room), this is also just Japan to make the gold times on garden history. Sickle storehouse and room Ding times Japanese Buddhist monk most likes to circulate Su Dong Po " brook sound is broad long tongue , mountain color Qi not quiet body " the verse with the natural sight of strong Buddhist taste. This may also find out China Song , clear Confucianism thought for its deep influence. The Buddhist monk of the Japan at that time in academic circle possession dominance position, Buddhist and Song , clear Confucianism thought also becomes the guiding principle of the Japanese literature and art at that time. This reflection is not garden artistic conception alone on making horticulture technique, even when specific Yi craftsman goes up have the expression that shows. Such as exaggerate remote mountains You grain lives in seclusion environmental loose wind and bamboo Lai , flow Pu etc. sound borrow handling, symbol Shi Jia , Goddess of Mercy and the stone summit point of Arhat set up , effect imitates to rub some scene handling of precipice statue , as well as the 3 a group of composition orderly way etc. that use generally are all.Along with the Sino-Japanese envoy, monk and businessman of two countries gradual frequently relationship, the culture of two countries gets further intercourse. Make China make garden skill so leading a life of pleasure with Lin Quan practice , have directly introduced in time yet to Japan. Such as sickle storehouse times(When south)Japanese Buddhist monk honor west enters again Song, study abroad for 4 years, the time of returning , will tea and Chuo Ming this Lin Quan life practices to bring yet to return Japan, this can say is pregnant with afterwards room Ding times(Contract)The wind of tea ceremony(The kind of)Embryo. Again if, room Ding the Japan of times make the garden dream window country teacher of great master to begin operation day dragon temple garden, use day dragon temple ship with Chinese trade with preparatory funds, it is Japanese to have also returned the famous product at that time of our country and the tapes such as arts and crafts and drawing; Japanese outstanding painter snow boat comes to China to visit to study abroad( 1467-1469In year, it), have also made the east of the culture of the Ming Dynasty gradually. This in, especially Song the input Japan of, clear landscape painting, Japanese room Ding the drawing of times platform with great influence. At that time Japanese very active north week writing style(In day, the)Wash painting, convenient imitate horse far, summer pen Yi, then again draw bullet the nature sight does not open picturesque scene , so, the dominant that has established Japanese water ink landscape painting draws wind. This takes direct role for the garden creation of the Japan at that time. This period, Japan make garden to take law landscape painting, even directly refer to Song the example of, clear drawing is also many. In garden scene creation, it Tian the artistic conception of suitable free ease as well as the work style of constructing building cabinet in garden, may find out Song the influence of, clear drawing(Is actually from sickle storehouse).Circle comments on Japanese science: Japan makes the so-called road of Chinese painting of " draw back the mileage of 30 thousand in size " of abstractance and the symbol of horticulture technique, is several to form , though, reason has the various but primary, most powerful factor, but being the Buddhist Buddhist and Song Ru entered by Chinese biography to manage to study ideological influence. Under this influence, Japan makes garden further development , has " stone yard" , " withered scenery"(Also claim " Tangshan)The garden form of etc. extreme Chinese painting appears. China Tang since , Song, scholar and painter yearn for the idea of nature and rural area, especially Song , the natural sight of clear Confucianism justice reason that studied , reflection is creative ideological trend in China makes horticulture technique , directly influences Japan indirectly to make the development of garden , and this influence is still pretty far-reaching(Seek1). Up to to end of the( 1665Year), may be regard as the influence of later stage that concentrated again relatively. Zhu Shun Shui in Japan in the year more than 10 of death, it is the ruler of the Japan at that time with teacher courtesy appearance matter. It is outside that Zhu Shi excludes in Japan to give lectures , is engaged in garden creative campaign. This makes the development of garden for the Japan at that time, having risen show promote role. This period, Japanese ruler highlies praise Song Ru very thought, repetitive ancient wind also forms momentary general mood in garden art. Famous dukes Yu Yuan - - Tokyo" rear paradise", convenient is Zhu Shun Shui takes since " Mencius, Liang Hui Wang " " virtuous person then happy this " meaning autograph( 1668-1669Year). Zhu Shi is polishing process for the modification of this well-known garden , Xi make horticulture technique with China is criterion. He according to the Chinese idyllic sentiment of south bank of Long River, the scene of the creation in garden has single hole stone arched bridge - -" round month bridge". This not sheet has introduced a brand-new scene in the aspect of making horticulture technique, and it is also to pass the construction technology of Chinese arched bridge into Japan for the first time. Hereafter, the effect that has aroused a lot of gardens is imitated , if< xml:namespace prefix=st1/>< chmetcnv w:st=on unitname=l sourcevalue=178 hasspace=False negative=False numbertype=1 tcsc=0>178l< chmetcnv/>-1788Year in in Hiroshima "(Seek2). Rear paradise in still have when Ru restore ancient ways thought guidance takes off buy , receive Si Bo-Yi and uncle " get benevolent hall in unison "; Under pursuing the ideological guidance of natural scene victory imitating write Lu mountain scenery " create little Lu mountain "; Imitating Hangzhou west lake Su Di and the white scenery of sea wall " create west lake sea wall ". It is this kind of to pursue the design thought of natural scene victory, also get extensive spread , so that form the Japan of this period " name yard "(The large)Style feature. This period imitate natural scene victory in creation, about mountain scene, have arisen a lot of descriptions Lu the works of mountain. Under this inspiration, also have therewith is a lot of to imitate the creative appearance of Japanese homeland scenery famous tourist site.In the aspect of garden plant disposition, Japan also gets Chinese early stage early to make the creative ideological influence of the type of collection of choice specimens displayed to appreciate odd thing well-known article of garden. The self country scenic district of famous tourist site draws kind domestication and training make the example of garden material as it is also many. If Nai good times, Japan Tang recruit to mention temple open the mountain lesson of great master is true, from motherland Hangzhou lonely mountain, draw pine nut to grow seedlings , action Tang recruit to mention the ornamental plant of temple garden , it is a example seen most early in record. To river household times, it is already very popular to draw the plant of famous tourist site of scenic district as the general mood of garden appreciation disposition. Quote the Chinese plant of scenic district, west lake plum and the Sichuan willow in" 6 garden house gardens" etc. is.Japan makes garden, in history, the influence that receives China is very deep. As China makes horticulture technique development, has the major change of the Chinese thought of past dynasties of literature and art of direct relation, also often for Japan influence, even the folklore of China, also absorb frequently by Japan to think the subject of garden creation. Such as, is in Japanese safe times early , arise reference China jump about carp the legendary and dragon door of dragon door that created Pu(Progeny has fixed); Room Ding times reference(Carry " rear)The crowd of brave(Dragon); Chinese ancient times 8 say - - fish scale, crane wing and long snake , Yan month, edge smooth arrow, circumference, the yoke of weighing apparatus and the trip of wild goose, since Tang after acting biography enters Japan, it has been also had the 8 various crowd such as grandson, Wu Zi and Zhu-Ge-Kong-Ming as creating with performance to put the orderly way of some stone. This kind of works, recent as this century the 8 Zhu-Ge-Kong-Ming pictures of " bank and the garden of Tian city " of the construction of 30 decade - - senior general is military and day, land, wind, cloud, dragon, tiger, bird and the group stone of - - snake.Japan makes garden in its development process , is refering to foreign country constantly , especially refer to China at the same time, it is complete to have still maintained the independence of its self style. Modern Japanese garden, no matter its operation art or engineering technology aspect, on traditional foundation, have gotten great development , so that have reached the high level with recognized world, this makes for the China that has already fallen behind since modern age, is worth for us to study and refer to well in garden.銆€銆€2, it is Chinese garden makes the development of garden for Europe, there is also greater influence. This influence that talk about must be concerned with the condition of other concerning aspect first. Since A.D.1It accesses to the road of west region to open up century, especially endure Tang the road of silk that generation makes Roman empire prosperous , the merchandise continuous biographies such as Chinese silk and porcelain wares even reach into west region. Hereafter, in pretty long historical period, the business travel exchanges of China and Europe break and extend alternatively land go on. Though the merchandise of the silk etc. of China likes for Europe, but the achievement on culture and the social condition of China has not been known very in a long period by Europe.13In century, along with the first expansion of acting military power, make the relation of China and Europe have occured one new change. " horse may Bei Luo trip notes " come out , some conditions that have introduced the China at that time just arouse the interest of European for China and the eagerness of further understanding generally. Now, the traffic of land route of China and the West though is difficult, but14Have opened up the direct sea of Europe and inferior two continents in century after traffic, mutual cultural exchange has opened new situation. Europe and China directly contact more , are to spring up from European capitalism , and are external to extend beginning. Since1515Annual Portuguese merchant ship runs for the first time into Chinese port to carry out trade beginning, Chinese porcelain wares, lacquerware, arts and crafts and silk , tea etc. then plenty of input Europes, at the same time, culture also gets certain intercourse. Then , the Netherlands has upraised the ocean trade that accesses to east , has also carried out the propagation of Chinese culture conversely with missionary through business travel in Europe. To17In century, about the hearsay of China, accompanying mysterious, strange Chinese merchandise in Europe spread open extensively, arouse Europe for China is fond of to yearn for. It is sold that now, the businessmen of country such as the Netherlands and France quite forge Chinese porcelain wares, silk and arts and crafts etc. , this has enlarged the influence of China more. In this former concept of European, represent east with Turkey, all things of the so-called eastern style that shows on arts and crafts that decorate fine arts , adopt Turkey Yi craftsman( Turquerie). Is now,Chinoiserie"(China)Have replacedTurquerie ". The influence of China, beginning when is considered as European fashionable prevailing custom take the lead 11 Frances, show. Initial stage, when masquerade and the arrangement of its banquet place put on makeup , first, get reflection. Influence the creative aspect of decoration fine arts and arts and crafts further gradually. French general mood form , is with its ruler advocate have close relation. Road easy 14 is to be bent on in one of " Chinese type " , at that time when in his palace Yuan collect have large quantities of Chinese silks, brocades, porcelain wares, gold vessels, lacquerwares, dresses, furnitures and others arts and crafts etc. as well as this kind of imitation.1698Year1703Year, French( Amphitrite)Go to China twice toTalk about that Chinese artistic style is for the influence of Europe , first, this influence that should see has foundation as a result with the influence that China takes for the eastern countries such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam difference.17Since century, it is European to pursue "19In century, early years and the time of close to 200 years can not also consider as momentary , have considerable deepness in other words for the result of this influence , are seen however from the nature of this influence , but are different. At that time, the historical and social condition of European country for China is known not very; The appreciation for Chinese work of art also lacks depth. The artist of Europe major see some Chinas through the introduction of businessman is not first-class arts and crafts or inferior imitation, their has these basises as well as passing error about China hear to smell , come to judge , understand the bundle west of China, its depth and correctness are to have can imagine. Right now, Europe is for the fanatical interest of " Chinese type " , in other words, it is psychological as hunting for novelty to stem from. They do not know the thing of China very much, also do not make in all seriousness research, so as get further understanding, explain it merely according to the impression of them. The Chinese style that Europe understands at that time is and18Century European( Rococo)Style appearance contact. From artistic creation, European interest for" Chinese style" lies in its and European original geometry composition complete difference , when they are seems novel , freely natural style. Therefore as the Chinese work of art of merchandise input Europe, it is substantial to also arouse on certain degree Luo cocoa style, have made Luo the development of cocoa style.18Century Luo cocoa artist many reference Chinese porcelain wares, lacquerwares, textiles, embroideries, wallpapers, New Year pictures, dresses and furnitures etc. the view and figure that draws above come to carry out creation , it is peculiar to have gone to pursuit and play with the road of tactic. Therefore we may know17Century sinceChinoiserie ", merely European artistic creation under Chinese influence self development the result of development, and is not genuine Chinese thing. The development of " China Yi craftsman ", approximately according to the saying of European scholar, may divide into the 3 ambiguous stages that intersect ,16End ofL7In century, beginning replaces the so-called indulgence stage that Turkish type upraises; And then is " weird stage"; Develop again further , and become to create " on imitate stage ". Make the development of horticulture technique to change , is also so.Is in16First minding big advantage in century have sprung up to make horticulture technique; Along with the development of the Italian culture of the Renaissance, making horticulture technique also propagate France and Britain lucky etc. country.17In century, second half leaf and French autocratic monarchy strengthen , palace construction also gets development therewith; The creation of palace garden is set up , have first reformed original from Italian transfer make garden skill, have so formed a kind of manage the garden form of the emphatic geometry America of doctrine only, is called as " classical doctrine" make horticulture technique, its major founder is famous make garden home to rein , Nao special Hai( AndrLe N? Tre1613-1700Year). At that time, France is the leading country of European culture, its classical doctrine makes horticulture technique, very quickly, it is lucky to become Britain , virtue will and Russian Zhu Guo the model of palace garden creation. So, popularize gradually to show your manor and residence garden of millionaires , so that become the Europe of this period to make the mainstream of garden. However when right now, Chinese architectural art has begun to show its influence, for instance1670-1672Year in( Versailles)In palace Yuan( Trianon de Porcelaine). It when nominal is though nondescript and imaginary, is but sufficient to explain road to be easy at forteen o'clock generation for China palace Yuan yearning. When architectural art , make the Chinese influence in the aspect of horticulture technique is when French beginning appears angle, genuine arouse make horticulture technique deep transform, is begun from Britain.18Century middle period, upraise the ideological trend of bourgeois big revolution in France, political thought and the morals ethics idea of China have aroused their interest , are deepened so further for the pursuit of Chinese culture. Right now, have completed bourgeois political revolution , is carrying out the Britain of industrial revolution , have created the condition of cultural transform, have begun to make the new development of horticulture technique then first - -" natural scenery garden"( Landscape Garden)Emerge18In century, second half leaf is under the( Picturesque Garden). It is these so as new your Men manor , residence garden is representative. The appearance of this kind of natural scene garden is discussed for external cause , is to get China to make the influence of horticulture technique mainly. China makes horticulture technique formal introduction in Britain to make garden circle, may calculate probably since1685Year Wei( William Temple)Place " about Ai( Upon The Garden Of Epicuras)The publication of a book. Book in is for European plastic1772Year, Wei( William Chambers)" eastern( Dissertation on Oriental Gardening)Have introduced China emphatically to make horticulture technique , and try best to advocate to absorb the creation of Chinese interest in British scenery type garden. Modest Bo-Er-Si when appreciation China makes horticulture technique achievement at the same time, Kai sigh the art of British garden is hollow, think that the British natural scenery garden at that time is the thing of the rude original nature that lacks discipline. Only make garden well-known craftsman orchid match at that time Lao, cloth dragon( Lancelot Bronwn)Flourishing times in, book contrast Chinese garden gives cloth dragon the works of the idyllic scenery etc. of a style with sharp criticism. It is to take law nature that modest Bo-Er-Si thinks that China makes garden, and its works can be so deep , because China makes garden furniture, have erudite knowledge and advanced artistic accomplishment. Europe at that time make garden have not been completely specialized , the persons such as cloth dragon are that vegetable horticulturist does garden creation simultaneously.Therefore modest Bo-Er-Si view will rise , is British to make the discipline of garden home, develop British natural scenery garden , want big mechanics to practice the thing of China. Modest Bo-Er-Si has held a post in Swedish eastern Indian company in early years , has gone to China. During China, he has made a lot of sketches for Chinese building, furniture and dress etc.. Early1757Publishing in year have " the( Design of Chinese BuildingsFurnitureDressesMachines and Utensils)A book has produced great influence at that time in Europe. " eastern foreign garden theory" come out , directly give British natural scenery the creation of garden more with valuable guidance. At that time in Europe, for this kind of viewpoint of modest Bo-Er-Si has , argues. But the influence of China has not yet been weakened therefore. On the contrary, this kind of influence enlarges increasingly, make British natural scenery garden have gotten development to rise. Cheng point out as modest Bo-Er-Si, the British natural scenery of initial stage round is pretty shallow, the scene creation such as its idyllic pasture, simply the mechanical duplication of being for the natural doctrine of Scottish pasture. After having understood China further to make horticulture technique , its content is just substantiated more, its form is just summarized more.Absorb the thing of China since the creations( Jardin Chinois), or claim( Jardin Anglo-Chinois)(Seek3). The garden of " Chinese type " or " Britain Chinese style " is become trendy in in Europe one o'clock, China makes garden in entire European big influence, to make the aesthetics of the Germany at that time instruct He-Shi-Fei-Er-De( Christian Cajus Lorenz Hirschfeld)When its works( Theorie der Garten-kunst, 1779)As soon as sending such complaint in book: " now person builds garden, not is according to his opinion, or according to previous more graceful interest, asking only is not Chinese type , the Chinese style of Britain. "" Ying the garden of Chinese( Kew garden)It is one of1758- -1759In year, modest Bo-Er-Si has reformed for this(Seek4). In French garden17Century later stage has found out18Century gets " the Britain garden of Chinese style" drive. After " the Britain garden of Chinese style " spread France, become to make the mainstream of garden one o'clock. In idyllic scene, join the sentiment of foreign country(Western scholar), at that time, get extreme development in France. The so called sentiment of foreign country in French garden denotes some buildings of " Chinese type " mainly. At that time, " Ying Chinese style " make garden , still contain the bundle west of the India, Turkey and Japan of a little under the common name of " Chinese type "; Even the thing of ancient Egypt, Greece and Roman, under the pursuit of " sentimental doctrine ", have been also arranged " the Britain garden of Chinese style". " Britain Chinese style" develop later stage, claim the scene of " Chinese type ", making domestic garden and architectural home by Europe try to be different land performance, it has been completely transformed.Pavilion, tower, bridge and corridor etc. architectural form have become a kind of non China , is also not other eastern country, it is not European and traditional , the monster with a kind of vulgar style(Seek5). The condition of France most has this kind of well-known garden of the building that claims " Chinese interest" in serious, this period in French maintenance, seal according to Ai-Li-Nuo-Er, Ai ear gets shellfish Er shelf( Eleanor Von Erdbrg)Statistics,25(See this to composeChinese lnfluence on European Garden Structures).Now, material object is few as preserving1774Annual publication( Le Rouge)Compose "( Jardins Anglo-Chinolis)1809Alexander that( Alexander La borde)Compose " about( Description des Nouveaux Jardins de La France er de ses Anciens Chateaux)1876John of annual( Johann Carl Krafft)The etching( Maisons de Compagne)1910Annual Henry,( Henri Cordier)Compose " France( La Chines en France au XSiCle)Etc.. The influence18The creation of century French natural scenery garden, boost " Ying Chinese style " and have gone to a road with weird pursuit, do not if the more healthy development of Britain and Germany. Germany makes garden historian Ai shelf Er( H. J? Ger)Comment think " French natural scenery type no Britain those expression of steming from for the noble interest of natural hobby, also lack German abstruse observation for nature , is the strange thing of imitation China only , or have been away from the thing of table. " Ai shelf Er this saying have reflected no doubt that he makes the ignorance of horticulture technique for China, but have also explained18In century making the influence ofSay always, the garden of " Chinese type " or " Britain Chinese style " of near lifetime European appearance, it is the form feature of the unusual impression of imitation Chinese garden only. See from its works, has been to adopt natural scenery subject; Is free except the handlings such as topography, water surface, plant and road outside, join some so called Chinese type halls Yu , pavilion, bridge, pagoda and ship etc. are adornment(The building of imitation China still has to), actually , have not known thatEurope makes garden, though, the above-mentioned ideological trend that influences in China and arise under impact is become trendy in one o'clock, spread all over Europe, since it is shallow, is also impossible and lasting so, this kind of works as is popular and out of date , had been taken apart to alter , now leave very little. Falling is those under Chinese influence, according to European own understanding and interest for nature rising constantly the scenery type that forms or Yue" natural type" school, get healthy development. This kind of works, no matter the creation of theme conception and scene artistic conception, have the originality that can compare with Chinese classic garden achievement.With " British( Rock Garden)To be16Since century, Britain draws the kind plant domestication of high mountain , grows seedlings is garden ornamental plant. Initial stage is that basin falls only, then , according to the plastic way arrangement flower bed of its tradition, call " wall garden"( Wall Garden).17The leaf of(At the same)Biography begins to make the mixture without19In century, refer to China to make garden and have comprehended the true essence of natural beautiful creation, have gone to the right path , have begun the appreciation of the plant of high mountain and the exploration that mountain art combines repeatedly , have arisen then " claim rock garden ". Via long time creative practice, summary and raising, it is to this century40In times, this outstanding1910In year,( kew)The plant of high mountain in botanical garden blocks earth still with plastic Qiang way arrangement, the research via 30 years transformation, make alternate stone technical and scene artistic creative level further raising, have just solved nature satisfyingly to alternate the scene unification of stone and the plant disposition of high mountain, so, have completed the world-famous mountain colored rock garden masterpiece of the meshed free scene of high mountain of running water.China is classical to make the achievement gotten by horticulture technique , makes it be not only already refered to or absorbed in history by foreign country, up to now, it still still maintains maximum glamour(Seek6). What is regretful is that the various historical reason since modern age causes China to make horticulture technique the inheritance and research that this excellent legacy end gets very well and carry forward. Today, when China develops vigorously study further further to make garden study legacy, with a view to is modern and material in our country and the construction of spiritual civilization, at the same time introduce it on the depth of subject international academic circle, with a view to the intercourse of more extensive international culture in new historical period.
- - Chinese2005.12.14
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