The future of garden, landscape and Chinese scenery garden

The future of garden,

銆€1Problem銆€銆€20Century90In times, it is first, it is few thatLandscape architecture( LA)Translating to prevail scene building,LATranslation is constructedLAIt is a big problem. Get Cheng ShiLATranslation[ 1, the focalArchitectureUnderstandingArchitectureTranslationLATranslationLandscape, so writeLandscapeTranslating is scenery or landscape is suitable ". Two years ago, I am still studying to use landscape , landscape program design etc. vocabulary substitute garden the phenomenon of studying appearance is glad.Have notLandscapeUnderstanding2004A big discussion of year makes me to carry out earnestLandscape architectureIs fitting. I still hear of thatLA, and what youLandscape gardening, this is a kind of rash translation, the writing afterRecently, many public biddings attended and contest assessments make me feel deeply: Novel creative idea, pretty plane composition, having become win the championship not 2 law doors, this two for the person who improves reality house environment has no careless justice. At the same time, improving person really to hold environmental program design ability but have been been regard as old earth and is out of date, is no longer paid attention to with youth designer even some experts by student. The development of practice makes me more and more feel that this is absolutely not a good symptom of a trend , says in night that has better to say early that is infinite in order to avoid future trouble.銆€銆€2The contribution銆€銆€2003At the end ofPace) publication limited(2004Publish), ask me to make order. I write road in its introduction: " modern landscape design brings our change, first, it is on idea: Macroscopic idea, the idea of ecology, the idea that forms , the idea of writing pulse, the idea etc. of the participation of the masses; Secondly, it is on creative method: The D design route of creative idea of layout D space D composition, the regional D thought way, mark pen and oil painting of boundary D route D node are wonderful ,CADExpression method, metal and glass , pull the modern materials such as membrane and plastic and the original materials such as timber, rock, clay and the plant of native soil use in large quantities, as well as it is modern and smooth somewhat , sound and water , news technical universal invasion etc.; Have these multifarious doctrines of condensing: After it is modern , is modern , structure , untie Gou , very letter the . . . . . . of, high skill, have offered extensive creation possibility for landscape designer. " I think , it is all to have gone through20In century middle period, the garden career of our country is difficult and the comrade old that encloses and develop course will agree that this part writing is for the praise of practical modern landscape design that introduced after reforming and opening up; Those persons that accept modern landscape design to educate can also recognize , this part summary is compared still completely.However, when introduction final I again write road: " process breaks hard ice, get rid of to close lock , after when have drawn the cultural essential part of all parts of the world extensively, accompany Chinese economic, cultural long time high speed development rare opportunity, having created have Chinese of world highest horizontal classic garden can surely start landscape construction a new universe. " careful reader can think of , the behind of this words is indistinct to reveal the criticism for the modern landscape design claimed.銆€銆€3LimitationWhat is landscape? Landscape20CenturyLandscapeTranslation[ 2. Now is seemed ,ArchitectureIt is terrible to translateArchitectureIt is correct that translation becomes[ 1. And on the contrary as soon as watchingArchitectureThe foundationBuilding) meaning, have evenWhat Wei scene? The original idea of scene is smooth , " say writing": " scene, light also. " part jade cuts note: " smooth place place, thing has overcast all. " lustrous will have shadow, smooth and shadow common achievement is resembled , so, scene has the meaning of elephant. What Wei sight? " say writing ": " sight, regard carefully also. " carefully meaning is to look closely at. From this, watching also extend the meaning of scene, king installs stone well-known sentence: " Shi-Zhi-Qi-Wei marvellous monster watches very, lie in frequently that risk is far. " so 2 landscape words also have greatly same the composition of justice relapse, normally, it is already enough to use a scene word, such as city scene, street scene and seascape etc..Before liberating , a book of " diction source " of publication has no a word that includes landscape , after liberating , the diction sea published just has got the explanation for landscape, it is geographical vocabulary to believe basically, point at a kind of objective thing. EnglishLandscapeMeaning is a landLandIs aly- scapeAs soon- scope, as soon- ship, anyway, " look " or theScapePrecedingLand, hard translate into the land or landscape of theLandscapeWhen not translating- scape, have lostLand, will inevitably bring some sequelaes. IfSea-landscapeCity-landscapeAndStreet-landscape, isn't thatEnglishLandscapeSourceLandschaft, and it is German again source from Dutch language, its original meaning is land goes up from some housings , the set that revolves around a field of housing and rough site as well as a forest composition of open country as background[ 3. In view of a marine nation from sea, see the glad mood of land, when they begin with the aesthetic a land artistic foresight appreciation, the meaning convenient appearance of scenery has arisen scenery therewith to draw. Hereafter, as ecology and the geography of natural science, serve one after another with this word for self, the pure objective word and meaning that makes it become one to lose subjectively aesthetic intension occur maximum change. Therefore have got landscape to have art, geography and ecology3Grow theIs EnglishLandscapeAndGardeningContactLandscape gardeningConcept, evenArchitectureContactLandscape architectureConceptLandscapeAdopt the meaning ofLandscapeHave not given person yetLandComposition, and it contains the meaning of scenery from ancient. But the landscape a word of Chinese character has strong only visual meaning , because it does not depend on in land and life. Obey push , it is that man-days makes a attraction to make scene or stimulate the thing of eyeball. I think that so understand the kernel of so-called modern landscape design and have no wrong, most teachers and students , designer when revolve around this core Zi Zi so as land effort , it is also best-know fact.Landscape a word is already very popular, special to get the great kindness of designer , and influences the learning trend of masses of student. But pawning landscape a word have replaced the concept of scenery garden generally, can bring universal misunderstanding afterwards obviously, thinkLAMake merely the scene that lets eye be watched , life and ecology become the derivative of landscape , have become less important , additional thing. This kind of misunderstanding has brought many harms , and will still bring more harm continuously. What give my thought with huge shake is the international public bidding of the Buddha mountain park of city center that goes on recently , is under the guide of landscape concept , win the bid unexpectedly is one is not ecological , also not human nature, do not understand outdoor space , do not understand visitor psychological requirement do not understand the scheme of garden artistic basic principle more with behavior law.The masses propagate to study to tell us, it is the nature of general person to take the words too literally , it is already tolerant to be able to define landscape theory of ecology, as if may also define garden have covered the program of the earth is the same, however how masses of youth, cadre and common people understand are also another matter. Garden not is the research in few expert study object, and it is the popular general affairs that concerns the masses , I think that the terminology standard of this kind of thing should take the understanding of masses into account , rigid stipulation has not used.銆€銆€4The essenceWhat is garden? See+Forest " set; From+Pool) ,+Pavilion)+Mountain) , forest[ 4. Is obvious, light is a garden son that encloses fence to surround to take a kind colored kind vegetable is insufficient, together with garden building, scenery, project construction thing and garden plant etc., may be just called as garden. Why must you add these things? Besides because see except eye, what our ancestors need is the actual life boundary region of a beautiful life condition , include summer to cool , winter is warm , cover rain , let in air and take shelter from the wind , to sun, make us not only see scene eye is comfortable, and when we grant scene, the various environments of located place( reward scenic spot) are also comfortable and pleasant , at the same time again have the function of cultural consciousness and life.Actually foreigner original for this is not confused , I have a book on hand: The bright daily publication of publishing house " scenery, like poem melts horticulture, make paradise again for mankind "( original title isThe Poetics of Gardens, the poem of garden, from flaxCharles. W. Moore, he opens clear justice in preface land elaboration people make garden to create environment, improve life, including respiration , food , breed and avoid hardships , use the aspects such as sound gentle taste. However the West likes to divide thing to take apart get 78 is broken, making the example that he lifts have unavoidably attend to one thing and lose another feeling. Such as him will clumsy Zheng the fractionation of general drawing of garden is scenery , plantation and building3System is sought , I do not understand that such fractionation has what advantage , can know actually from such blueprint why have a big piece level ground between pond and the rockery of door, why certain building calls lotus wind all sides pavilion, why has certain place planted some of loquats? Originally a garden space surrounds by topography and architectural, trees etc. to suit to form, take apart them to untie to become3Open picture, how do you again understand actual situation, yardstick, skin texture and the form of space from blueprint? This also explains the multi-layer steamed bread method claimed( the method of simple analysis and overlay), is inborn to have mortality weakness - - the overallness with organic lack.銆€銆€5The garden designRead " garden Ye ", you can discover: When our ancestors make garden, are not to take a plane figure first , but are to survey first on the spot, is called " appearance land". Second step is still not to make an issue on plane , but is to develop imagination in realistic space: Where may you be high? Where may you be low? Where may rely on? Where may you borrow? Suitable pavilion pavilion, suitable pavilion pavilion, is called " upright base". 3th step is still not to draw plane figure home , but is to go in scene to go to go, is observed , consider , how to walk to move scene are different , how to be mutual since borrow , how to rise to forward to suit, how to organize Kuang Ao change. Hall hall , pick up mountain , cover the ground and plant colored, kind tree and inscription , make the items such as tax to run through in which, form a organic whole. It is final to consider , just draw a plane figure home , call "map" , is sum to still say: " type map person fresh ". Thus it can be seen, the ancients throughout is in a three-dimensional space, with a life when the identity of the person in which chip plan plan a garden, he is impossible to, for the composition of plane, sacrifice the comfortable feelings of visitor, that he conceives and scene just like is personally on the scene.So, method and the creative route of Chinese garden are comprehensive and practical, showing one is total is handling the contact between a specific space as well as these spaces , instead of blueprint; The 2 of expression is to have taken care of aspect when making any a judgment and decision-making,; The 3 of expression is cannot depart from constantly for analysis, understanding and the investigation of scene. If say that is in front of Western culture , Chinese traditional culture really has a lot of shortcomings , has obstructed the words of Chinese social development once, Chinese garden culture have surmounted greatly so far western development level, this also is some genuine great masters the prime cause for that Chinese traditional garden admiration gets 5 bodies to throw land.Certainly, idea is also not perfect into the garden creative method spoken, it is suitable for the creation of small-sized private garden relatively , does not be good at to handle big flat level ground , does not be suitable for massive program etc.. However our ancestors and not have no this kind of ability, is from last Lin Yuan of Qin Han to the old Summer Palace of the Qing Dynasty and is away for the summer mountain villa, what we see is still comprehensive and practical creative route and method. I think , this kind of creative route and method have no reason in principle, do not meet modern society.Since20Century80Since times, our country so plans beginning from the scenery resource of famous tourist site of the part of essential part on appraisement and program territory for the program management incision landscape of the earth of natural cultural heritage , and has considerable development, make professional field have got is new to extend. After Chinese should set up some years, leads the confidence of world scenery garden.銆€銆€6" landscapeIs us95%Above time takes conceiving and showing in drawing office, may reform graceful gentle slope into large-scale platform and ladder , may also grow reed marshes and weeds both side in the road of south region, completely can roast visitor disregarding the sun coke. A lot of our square daytimes are left empty without a person, allegedly is for the needs of landscape. When having person to point out that some designs have not been founded on people , their defendant knows , this kind of opinion too old earth, because fashionable wording is landscape and ecology, under this theory frame, people should sacrifice own good fortune with the interests of obedience eyeball or other biology Zhi is honor.Honesty says that what claim modern design and careful study is inspiration and talent. Have got this two conditions to add the guide of teacher , study and is not difficult , this is our agricultural university forest institute scenery garden department of South China the student of the undergraduate level of 23 years when " Chinese garden Teng first cup " and " Guangdong garden Wen Ta Cup " the one of mystery that can get excellent score in design contest. However talent and the inspiration of individual do not be equal to the good fortune of mankind Zhi, this is just the foundation of problem. Recently we are thinking deeply how to twist student regard showing skill as the bad trend that is higher than all natures of sturdy overlook and the knowledge accumulations of the humanities.The accumulation of long time4In year, the young person of learning undergraduate is hard to accomplish , does not know whether this is also the one of reason that modern young person would not go to this road , it is so rising to follow the creative route of the culture of the western type of fast food ( elegant point says to shout make fashion ) probably.銆€銆€7The weaknessIt is gone to that after the Great Cultural15Controls.1998There is also a taking80Controls , the40Place ) nearly, have got garden special field , in which, some agronomy courtyards study horticulture department and forest to be , is combined to call garden department, we may guess such school, the religion of its program design the quantity of educational level is how to. General idea is obscured to avoid , the garden department of north forest has renamed once as city garden department.Here, explain horticultureHorticultureWithGardeningIs sameHorti-OriginateHortus-, this is ancient Roman republic times when the suburban name of the little piece real estate that divides to citizen. Roman citizens may each will surround thesely, grow some vegetable, fruit tree and flowers and plants. The another minute of word root- cultureAfter original idea is to carryAgriculture, its LatinAgri-Meaning isLand, big piece land, so, agricultureAfterwards, with economy produce the planting skill of the vegetable fruit tree and flowers that happens for purpose - - horticulture is and with reward heart pleasant have divided up family for the skill garden of purpose, the latter and the relation of life and art is more and more close. Is in China , garden construction nearly always is a kind of construct to study( architecture), Chinese acting Yuan You builds is from " craftsman is senior general "( imperial project manager) handle; The idea of the Ming Dynasty becomes make garden monograph " garden Ye " a book also nearly does not talk about horticulture planting technology.General(Include boss , also include)Minute does not settle garden99Kunming world horticulture fair hold make this problem more serious perhaps. My student has told me, when the competition of job hunting, have met horticulture department student says openly: I study garden art, he(Point at)StudySo, simple garden a word more and moreLandscape architectureRelative should,銆€銆€8SceneryHave disaster since historical development is hard to avoid Yin pain, the 2 level institute Chinese garden institute first class institute Chinese scenery garden institutes of developing that Chinese architecture can take off , but again continue the translation of Chinese garden institute , use garden andLA( landscape銆€Architecture)Reply. This definition when academic circleLandscape銆€ArchitectureTranslation is studied into garden. My individual thinks that this is the movement of a kind of lack prediction , has brought a lot of troubles so far, and when design circle very unpleasant arrive person agrees with this kind of practice. But in any case, this compared with at willLandscape gardeningTranslatingLandscape architectureTranslation[ 5, so, give subject , bring notEnglishLandscape gardeningDenote the relative scenery type garden1933Year Mr Zhang JunLandscape gardeningTranslate to prevailLandscape gardeningThis word , so masses ofLandscape gardeningTranslating to prevail the aftermath of scene garden is , the definition of Chinese scenery garden institute has been stolen the agriculture of changing times drop behind idea, and general Chinese regards scenery garden as garden+The idea of scenery(Modern the masses propagate to study , do not despise theory of the masses, actually as the administrative responsible department on national level, also divide into the two big pieces of garden of the scenery district and city of famous tourist site, so call such a profession or subject scenery garden, in already some Chinese vocabulary, it is still feasible. Say for current condition, major shortcoming one of this word is scenery, have the repetition on some meaning with garden; 2 is outside prolong is little, in practice having not even reached idea yet become " Wang want , , , make the earth shining Ran change "( " garden Ye, inscription ") altitude; 3 gives person a kind of do not quite be good at the impression of hard landscape design; These are that I not quite agree in the past with the reason of this word , but again feel that compared with simple garden a word, it can at least pull open and the distance of horticulture and forestry. Now, I think that our country has had got the scenery garden institute scene garden professional Master system of soft breeze , carries out for a long time if adding registered scenery garden teacher system again, these problems can get basic solution.The essential characteristic of scenery garden, lie in it is comprehensive. Compare with scenery garden, view and admire horticulture to lose space, landscape design is lost life, environmental art is lost , is scientific , city forest is lost culture, territory program is lost , is artistic. View and admire horticulture, environmental artistic, landscape design and territory program etc. if saying is the various performances of symphony orchestra Yuan( this reason that they have existence namely ), scenery garden should be orchestra commander. The scenery garden of China is educated , book from the horticulture department of big north farming with Tsinghua construct department to jointly run originate , in worldLAOn educational history, it is also a outstanding pioneering work , but had been destroied because of the educational system that follows former Soviet Union afterwards blindly, really unfortunately, this is also a lesson. Today, when we are faced with again so as foreigner when a set of come to replace the excellent scenery garden culture of China , when drawing , think that reflect. Comprehensive thing will rely on comprehensive method finally still to handle , so east is good at the tradition of comprehensive thought must possess advantage eventually on the problem of handling scenery garden etc..Summary, scenery garden is a comprehensive professionIn view of the superiorityLandscape architectureReply(If the West is to insist), we is want when do not exclude foreign銆€銆€9CloseNo wonder Hu study a lot of Mr olds in circle to advocate firmly with garden do not adopt landscape a word , it seems quite has reason still. This landscape word is too emphatic and visual, easy overlook function, society as well as the other feelings of person have brought a lot of deviations from this.My own view銆€銆€( 1)The scenery garden that adopts Chinese self is thisLandscape architecture, the similarNational parkRelation.銆€銆€( 2) landscape architectureAs a foreign business, on science or translating accurately, had better to construct for scenery( or land scene and scene garden), simplifying is make scene or reason scene approximately go up is also all right. The accuracy on science is to arise the important foundation of unnecessary trouble after avoiding.銆€銆€( 3)Garden has the thing of strong Chinese traditional銆€銆€( 4)No matter its source and original meaning, the landscape that has entered compatriots vocabulary is the word that uses very well as the appearance word of scenery garden visual aspect property, landscape design also is a kind of is though not overall however really existent thing. Perhaps, it can have person in the future to open landscape design company , but this profession general idea can also have no a country so far as city design to establish registered teacher system , so, we need not abstain from the continuity for landscape a word to use. But Chinese has the own understanding for landscape a word, follow Japanese to use landscape as translateLandscapeIt is not good, and landscape is studied andStill I when" development and attention" that sentence old saying that has said in a writing: In our person holds environmental construction, is beautiful , lives with natural law, should get equal attention , emphasize any one side excessively, will inevitably cause serious aftermath. It is true, good , the 3 goddesses of America should when person in house environment dances totally with mankind[ 6.

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