Western garden development history

A.D. isThe - - east along the bank The east bank region of the Mediterranean Sea is the cradle of the development of western civilization. A.D. of more than 3000 years, ancient Egypt when north non establishment slave system country. Nun Luo He the alluviation of rich soil, suit in agricultural cultivation, but the others of territory is desert region. For desert resident, in the environment of a scorching desert, there is water is analog object with the "oasis" that covers shady trees. Nun Luo He overflows every year , need to measure land after returning water , has so invented geometry. So, ancient Egyptian also uses the concept of geometry garden design. The shape side of pond and canal is regular, house and trees Yi arrange according to geometry shape, it is the earliest rule whole type garden design on world.FormerThe Athens city of 1 , the AthensAncient Greece from a lot of slave systems De city Bang national composition. Former A.D. 500 years, with Athens city Bang the unprecedented prosperity that has brought culture, science and art for the perfect free democratic politics of representative, the construction of garden is also prosperous. Ancient Greek garden may divide into 3 kinds by and large: The first kind of is the garden glanced over for public campaign: In the past, it is sport sports site , afterwards, to cover shady and planting big flat grove, it is boulevard to open up gradually, to irrigate , the canal drawn forms the water scene of decoration gradually. The marble statue and forest that displays sport contest winner everywhere install under shade to take chair. People not only come , is this to watch sport campaign, may also take a walk, chat and go sight-seeing. Politician gives speech here, philosopher argues here , therefore constructs the hall hall special , still has music performance Taiwan additionally as well as other public campaign facility. But this kind of quite similar and modern existent time of public garden of " cultural rest park " does not grow , along with ancient Greek democratic government system become feeble and die and disappear gradually. Second kind is the house of city , revolves around garden all around with column corridor, in garden, break up to put pond and flowers and trees. 3th kind is temple garden is main garden scenic district with supernatural temple, such as virtue Er Fei holy mountain( The Mountaiin Sanctuary of Delphi).2 , RomanRoman inherits the tradition of ancient Greece and has developed emphatically villa garden( Villa Garden) and the hilly land of this residence garden two kinds and villa garden that constructed in outskirt and city, including living in house, canal, pond, meadow and woods. Pliny of a official and works home at that time has had lively description for this: " villa garden the happy god of popular feeling, lie in those climb fully frequently the grove of artificial plantation and the column corridor of spring rattan; Sparkling and crystal-clear canal two banks Zhui with flower bed, about deliver appearance shine. Really, America does not win to receive. It still has gentle and lovely boulevard and open dew in bedroom . . . . . ., magnificent drawing room, refined dining room and the clean pool under sunshine. These for the place in which people have offered happy An Mi in noon and evening. Pang a lot of residence garden ruins that shellfish( pompei) preserve in ancient city join the form of garden normally for 4, one side is main hall, 3 other surfaces surround , draw trees, fountain, colored bird as well as the wall painting of distant view etc. with covered corridor on the wall of covered corridor, cause a kind of enlargement the feeling of space.A.D. 7The Islamic big empire that In A.D. 7 century, Arab has conquered east, take Indian river west to Iraq than the large region of sharp inferior peninsula, it is inferior to establish one to stretch over , the non, Islamic big empire that pulls 3 continents , though afterwards, split becomes a lot of little countries, but because of the restraint of Islamism religious doctrine, in this large region, still maintain the common characteristic of Islamic culture. Arab is the nomadic nation on desert in the past , ancestors pursue waterweeds and the account curtain career of house has deep reflection with the special feelings of water for "oasis" on garden art; On the other hand, again get the influence of ancient Egypt to have formed the unique style of Arabic garden; Taking pond or canal as center, water is often in floating state , sends light melodious sound. Building most knows , is thorough and open smooth , garden landscape has surely quiet atmosphere.A.D. 14The prosperous IndiaA.D. 14 century is prosperous period of Islamic garden. Hereafter, when eastern development for India do not lie the two forms of son: A kind of is to weigh even arrangement in pairs with canal, meadow, woods, flower bed and colored pool as main part, construct to be on less important position. Another stresses the architectural vivid, central pond, canal, flowers and trees and road that has turret for four weeks of hall hall and enclosure and has , arrange according to the relation of geometry symmetry. Famous safe Ji tomb belongs to the representative of the latter.A.D. 15 century - - the Iraq ofThe Iraq of European southwest end is just unified up to 15 century by Spaniard Roman Catholic regime than some Islamic kingdoms on sharp inferior peninsula. Since geography is environmental and long-term to stabilize situation, garden art has been continued to develop Islamic tradition and absorbs some characteristics of Roman melt Ye with a stove. A Er of shelf La-Na-Da rarely uncle palace is typical example. This palace that forms from a lot of courtyards Yuan is located in the mountain with strategically important physical features , building except residence may even see with the most of room outside shape ticket holes of horses hoof Yuan outside crowd summits. Add again to insert pond and the canal of drainage , whole palace has been filled with the sentiment of " oasis ". In palace, garden is garden mainly, adopt the Roman 4 of house with a courtyard to join the form of garden , what is in which excellent is that make rubbing to slide garden( C out of Myriles) and lion courtyard( Court of Lions). Make rubbing to slide in garden freely a yard rectangle pond, both side pruning very much neat make rubbing Liu tree Li. Pond in flicker the inverted image of the shape ticket corridor of horses hoof, show a atmosphere with cordial An Mi with serene style. The tree of square whole peaceful water surface and dark green Li contrast fine prosperity, color is bright to construct sculpture, again to the feelings of vigorous person. Lion courtyard is the shape ticket corridor of horses hoof all around , crossing two canals run through whole courtyard, canal deliver to remit place there are the fountain of one in the central government of garden, its base goes up carving 12 marble lions picture( the canon of Islamism prohibits to make decoration subject with animal, this 12 lions picture is afterwards add go to ). A Er rarely Bo-La palace this kind of reason sailor law gives afterwards French garden with the enlighten of certain degree.

The A.D.The reason of - - European15 century is the rising issue of European commercial capital, it is a lot of that Italy has appeared with city as central commercial city Bang. Economy and the stabilization on politics go up prosperity necessity brings cultural development. The thought of people is freed from the religion of Middle Ages, have gotten rid of God's to confine , realize own ability and creativity fully. " the liberation of human nature" combine the new knowledge for ancient Greek Roman magnificent culture , so have started the climax of Italian "the Renaissance", garden art is also the part of this cultural climax inside.3 Italian peninsula surfaces are on the point of sea and many mountainous regions, climate is mild, sunshine is bright and beautiful. Have accumulated archbishop and the noble of plenty of wealthes , commercial capitalists again the house with magnificent city construction, also when outskirt operation the place with leisure villa action, villa garden becomes then a kind of type that has representative in the Italian garden of the Renaissance. Villa garden is established probably on hillside section , is made for slope tendency into some tablelands, so called tableland garden. The program design of garden is taken charge of normally by architect, thus have utilized the design tactic of a lot of classical buildings. Major building is usually located in the highest place of hillside section, on its preceding axis in one that drawn forth along hillside , open up the tableland of a level of layer , deploy respectively to protect ridge, platform, flower bed, pond, fountain and statue. Each layer tableland between so as Deng road appearance contact. In axis plants the groves such as the silk China fir, Chinese littleleaf box and stone pine that stands tall both side as garden the excessiveness of raw and around natural environment. Station when tableland goes up along in the deep direction of axis looks , receiving to take besides infinite far-reaching garden borrow scene. This is rule whole type and scenery type a kind of garden form mainly with and former person.It is rich to manage the tactic of water than passing. It is each gather together with high place source of water does store pond, then go along slope tendency to draw note become water Pu, level Lai or the ladder of running water( W ater Stair), when the tableland of lower levels makes various fountains using the pressure of water drop, minimum a level of platform again gathers together on the ground is pond. Besides, it has the pressure of the appreciation drop of running water frequently to make various fountains , on minimum a level of tableland, it is pond to again gather together. Besides. Being frequently promising to appreciate the sound of running water the installation set up , even use consciously to surge the sound of water forms the melody of music( W ater Organ).The garden that embellishes as decoration short artistic creation also extremely many shapes, those vultures Lou fine stone fence and stone platform jar , protect the numerous marble statue with classical mythology of ridge, stele inscription as well as number as subject, the very them shine is sparkling and crystal-clear to set off the grove of dark green, with bluish green water blue sky, cover the contrast that reflects and produces a kind of lively and strong color and quality sense.The Italian type garden of the Renaissance in still appear a kind of new make garden tactic - - embroiders blanket type plant platform( Parterre) use the plantation of bush flowers and plants on a massive level ground to inlay the various veins cases of master drawing of making up , seem to spread when on the ground carpet.In A.D. 17 century - - France In 17 century, the Italian type garden of the Renaissance is passed into France. There are big flat natural vegetation and plenty of river lakeses in French many plains. French has not accepted the form of tableland garden completely, in is the axis symmetrical even garden layout tactic utilization of neat type level ground makes garden.The A.D.- - France utilizes all It is carried out that in 17 century, end and European capitalist primitive accumulation accelerate , the regime of autocratic monarchy has become bourgeois and the national machine of noble common suppression peasant and city common people. France has been the domestic monarchical state of the most powerful centralization on world at that time, king road easy 14 has established the central government of a absolute monarchical power, utilize all cultural artistic means as far as possible to advocate the authority of monarch. Palace and garden are art to create , is not exceptional certainly, Paris suburb all Er squeeze in palace( Versallei) is the example of a typical case.All Er squeeze in palace to cover an area of is very broad, there is the hectare more than 600 probably. Is road easy 14 imitates financial minister set open besiege garden, pattern establish , include " palace" and " Yuan " two parts. Large Yuan the west side in palace building of forest zone, from famous make garden home Jin Nuo special( Andri Le Notre) design program. It has one from palace central government in extend west to be as long as 2 kilometers axis, in the woods of the big flat of two side axis sets off to become a wide Lin Yin road, from west, always vanish east in boundless horizon. Lin Yin the design of road minute for thing two: West part acts as with the big canal and Apollo pond that includes cross type mainly with water scene with marble statue and fountain. The north part of cross canal horizontal emerald for villa garden " in big special A farming "( Grand Trianon), south end is that animal raises garden. The open level ground of eastern end goes up control symmetrical arrangement some groups of " large scale embroider blanket type plant platform ". The woods of big boulevard two side hide land cloth row some hole residences, the mazes of water scene theater ( Water Theatre ) and small-sized villas, it is the more quiet place of viewing and admiring at a nearby place. In woods, still open up a lot of straight overlapping shady roads of Xiao Lin, them let end have is for scene , form therefore is a series of to regard scene line( Vista), so, this kind of garden is again called to regard scene garden( Vista Garden). . Step, fountain and the pond on central big boulevard , protect the architectural short artistic creations such as ridge and statue as well as plant platform , green Li strict according to the geometry of even symmetry form layout, it is the model of rule whole type garden, than the Italian garden of the Renaissance more obvious have reflected that there is organization to have the classical doctrine principle of order. It shows extensive Hong lofty is also not the former with elegant landscape can compare.A.D. initial stage of Britain Lun 3 islands the hills that rise and fall , 17 and 8 century have opened up because of the development of the industry of wool spinning is a lot of to herd the rough site of sheep. If Yin meadow , forest, grove and hills landform, having formed British natural wind the special landscape delivered. This kind of graceful natural landscape has promoted scenery drawing and idyll is prosperous. Scenery drawing with romantic style poet for nature praise to the excess to again make the America that English delivers for natural wind have produced deep feelings. This kind of ideological trend can affect garden art certainly, the castle garden enclosed so and the rule strict garden " Jin Nuo special type" are detested gradually by people make them explore another kind of close nature , on the contrary, it is simple to go back to real new garden style - - scenery type garden.The scenery type garden of Britain springs up in initial stage of 18 century. And Jin Nuo the garden of special type is completely opposite, it has negated veins shape to plant the trees of platform, straight boulevard, upright pond and plastic. Have sublated all geometry layouts with even symmetry and shape, it is acting with the curved grove and meadow and curved river of road and natural type, strive for to borrow scene and with the natural environment besides garden appearance combination. To eliminate the landscape limit in garden thoroughly, English thinks of a method, building garden wall in deep ditch claim " heavy wall". When is this kind of to make the time with popular garden style, a lot of British past outstanding the Renaissances and Jin Nuo special type garden had been leveled to destroy reform the garden that becomes scenery type.Scenery type garden than rule whole type garden, when garden and natural wind deliver , outstanding nature landscape aspect has its unique achievement. But thing will turn over very much, but move towards another gradually draw action completely extremely completely with natural scenery or scenery the original version plagiarized , so that operation garden has though consumed plenty of manpowers and funds, and natural wind of the original and effect that gets delivers and has no difference. Can't see how many artificial processings add details , though, book and nature may not be but high and nature. This kind of condition has also aroused the disgust of people. Therefore since making garden domestic row, general pause( Humphry Replom) begins to again use tableland , green Li , artificial reason water and plant plastic prune as well as day Mian the architectural short artistic creations of, bird house and statue etc.; Notice the appearance of tree and the coordination with architectural image especially to set off as well as the proportion of actual situation, color and light and shade relation. Even having in garden install ruins and incomplete stele intentionally , break Xie , rotten bridge and withered tree so as exaggerate a kind of romantic sentiment, this is the so called garden of " romantic style ".At this time, Ye Su that passes in China meeting missionary delivers the communication of Roman the Vatican, the Chinese garden art with the old Summer Palace as representative had been introduced to Europe. British imperial architect has this uncle( William Chambers) travel for two times China, after coming back , compose writing to talk about Chinese garden greatly and in the mound garden that he designs ( Kew Garden), for the first time utilize the tactic of claiming " Chinese type" , although is some shallow and nondescript adornments however , also form a school at last, French person is the garden of " Sino-British type ", in Europe, it is momentary to have been current.A.D. 18 and- - Jin Nuo the parallel 18 and the western garden of 19 century can say Jin Nuo special style and the British parallel development of this style two big mainstreams , is period of growth and decline mutual, also produce a lot of mixture types certainly change body.A.D. middle- - plant research becomesIn middle period of 19 century, European introduces the new kind of trees and flowers in large quantities from overseas domestication, the research of ornamental plant becomes a special subject then. The position of flowers in garden recovers to recover is important, strive for florescence, color, fragrance and the form of flowers very much and plant way. Making garden have used flower bed in large quantities , and have appeared with flowers disposition as the "garden" of major content and even the garden with a kind of certain flowers as theme as rose garden and 100 join etc..The A.D.The development of - -The later stage of 19 century, because of the development of big industry, the city of a lot of capitalist countries day recovers to expand , population recover to concentrate , big city begins to arise resident condition the phenomenon of obvious polarization. Working people the environment of the "slum" that inhabits a region ( Slum ) filth, it is noisy. Even if in the bourgeois residential area of the perfect facility of municipal government also since price of land is expensive, manage residence garden to be not easy. The capitalist class is far away from city one after another to seek quiet environment , besides with modern means of transportation, it is developed, the remote dynasty hair in hundred 10 night to. So, in the suburb district of wild country, construction villa garden becomes momentary prevailing custom, in 19 century, end is this kind of period with the most prosperous garden until 20 century.A lot of scholars at that time have seen that city building is too dense and crowd the aftermath caused the urgent needs of the working class of especially living perennially inside slum graceful garden environment as life adjust. Therefore, when put forward scheme and theory of various urban planning the problem of at the same time also considering garden forestation of tentative idea. In which, the garden city that Howard( E, Howard) advocate is not only a kind of theory that has representative very , and has the example of some practices in Britain and America, have not yet but gotten popularization. Theory of other shape colors is the idle dream that does not be easy to realize under capitalist system mostly. On the other hand, in bourgeois resident district, have also arisen some new garden types correspondingly: Comparison early such as elephant London garden square; Thereafter, fiting allow to fit park in the program of residential area.20 century since(- - modern schoolAfter first world big station, the various modern schools in image art and architectural art are developed repeatedly, garden also gets their creep, is silent. Utilize modern art and modern architectural composition make garden design, seem Jin Nuo the principle of constructing with classical doctrine of special type garden is the same, the modern garden that so forms a kind of new-type style. Space and the program exquisite free layout of this kind of garden insert , construct , water, mountain and the abstract composition of plant exquisite bodily form, quality and color, and have still absorbed Japanese garden some Yi craftsman and tactic. Modern garden along with modern building and make the technology of garden is developed is in fashion in whole world, is still just unfolding so far.