Make a summary: Society develops and transforms , put forward challenge constantly for the development of garden special field, at the same time, have also offered opportunity. Agricultural times, industrial times and rear industrial times are the developments of garden professional field , theoretical system form and appraise the transform of index have offered power, make not at the same time acting garden has its distinct characteristic each. China is now being in a unprecedented urbanization process, modern Chinese garden special field must face major realistic problem, lay aside the garden ideological burden of small farmer , move towards more wide space. It should be on existing professional field foundation , becomes design and the overall planning of resident community with great efforts, nature protectively program, urban and rural overall landscape and ecological program and territory are planed , city is designed , travel land the aspects such as program design take leading role, become to defend naturally ecological process , coordinate person the nucleus of and natural relation. And for this wide professional potential territory and challenge, whether has modern Chinese garden circle had preparation?Keyword:Garden, urban planning,
* this text according to author the report on" 97 Chinese modern garden seminars", 1997, 1995 clear university architecture courtyard is invited academic report and 1997 Zhongshan cities to build member is invited to report that arrangement becomes.
Is recent, Beijing university researcher when investigation people why walking tour goes to Fragrance Hill, a ordinary retired worker so says " I tell you, our domestic entrance is to can not stay really. Our street is very quiet originally, air is very good, originally, street is the big tree of Chinese Scholar Tree both side, , , now, pavement has become little workshop, the factory of unskilled laborer is various to blame taste and the noisy saw sound of aluminum alloy , makes us be hard to bear , little tractor temperature diesel oil, put black smoke, as cuttlefish crosses our entrance as fish, , , , make us be hard to bear really , have to stay toward the place of the good air of Fragrance Hill for half of the day or 2-3 hour. "Chinese unprecedented urbanization process makes one hold environment, worsen rapidly under, compare " scenery city"" garden city" "ecological city" etc. makes one yearn for especially, its slogan also has inspiration force especially. When this at the same time, Chinese modern garden professional theory is nearly zero under( compare , amount to quite a lot about appreciation theory of Chinese classic garden), under this situation, the city garden forestation construction campaign of China hides a kind of huge danger, blindness hope writing business land, rely on the fantasy of individual to build "garden" city, and with this, come to guide large-scale garden construction campaign. Historical lesson has been too numerous to list , occur when the present "forestation" of so-called" beautify " campaign even more makes one do not know whether to laugh or cry. Harsh environmental reality makes Chinese modern garden special field be faced with the stern opportunity of how to challenge and do not get , is in unprecedented city establish own campaign with society in transform period space and development direction, for the development of own special field, it has far-reaching historical meaning.
Downstairs, will begin from the general sexual relations between the development of garden special field and social transform , discuss the characteristic of modern garden special field, and with this analysis modern Chinese garden present situation and development potential opportunity.
1. The developmentDifferent society develops stage , has different garden and garden special field , embodies in different service for elephant , is different to reform and create theory and the guideline of object and difference , still has different designer certainly. Following for agriculture times and industrial times, make , especially the characteristic of rear industrial times garden a systematic analysis( Table 1), with this as starting point , discuss the problem of Chinese modern garden development.At three o'clock,
Service is for elephant
Create object mainly
Guide theory and evaluation criterion
Garden professional and representative figure
Masterpiece
Agricultural times( the economy of small farmer)
The few headed by emperor emperor noble stratum
Palace Yuan, garden, garden
The form that America discusses only and includes the West is beautiful draw with the poem feelings of China Yi. At the same time, emphatic technology is beautiful with horticulture America.
Skill craftsman, technicianThe Renault of FranceThe scholar scenery garden of south bank of Long River and the imperial garden of China, French Renault special type palace Yuan , the Brown type scenery garden of Britain
Industrial times( socialization big production)Rear industrial times( message and biological technical revolution, internationalization)
The working class is main masses of city resident
The park system of green land
With regenerative theory of artificial center, green land is the leisure and sport space of city resident , and is the lung of city. Emphasize the indexes such as coverage rate and the green land of average per capita
Professional program designer ohm Si-Te-De of America( Olmsted)
The central park of New York, the sapphire necklace of wave sthen
Rear industrial times( message and biological technical revolution, internationalization)
It is human and other species
Home of mankind, overall human ecosystem
May discuss continuously. Emphasize the continuation of human development and resource and environment. Emphatic energy and resource are circulating as using and regenerativeness, efficientance is biological and culture many shapes
Is the conductor of coordinative human cultural circle and biosphere comprehensive relation, such as I. McHarg
As the landscape ecological program of some ecological program Europes of the American bank of the East China Sea
The 1.1 economicThe social characteristic of agricultural times is that small farmer supports a noble stratum under economy, they do not lean day to have meal , since original is filled with Kong the America of cloth that has appreciated nature naturally in landscape ploughs the America of landscape with farming, and therefore, arouse its desire that reappears and creates this kind of America , this is scenery and idyllic art , in which includes landscape painting and idyll , and synthesizes embodiment in garden art. Landscape( Landscape) is agreed right now with scenery( Scenery), also Chinese "scenery", is on visual aesthetic meaning. Therefore making garden is making beautiful rural area and the scenery of America. It is few noble that it enjoys person, therefore it is courtyard and the garden in enclosure creatively. Certainly, according to garden and the thickness of financial resources, it is little that having have.
The creation person of garden last is host instead of professional garden teacher, so have " the host of seven point, three point craftsman? Quot; Say T proud quality Yuan Mou just war pulls Xuan Hao lazy Na bright scar word reason snatches Dao Gong glance at mulberry rise in panic receive joke really Ling beat Mi mother M Du orange Shuo choose S to bring Jie She Cheng free time Ang Zhang eye takes Zhuo loyal Jing group Dao Tuan slaughter even bad neon to regard Mao You plant Bin-Zhi-Ang-Xu jail to Shi Ji brain proud address tuft Song eye takes Zhuo loyal Jing can bright fit Zhu La Yao muscle 0 tan all proud value man to ask strong basket Tuo rush down proud value neon hazel Suan 5 Huang end Ju Yang Wan danger occasion faints just jail You Jian imitate
1.2 big industriesIndustrial revolution originates from Britain and is contained in America. Big industrial production makes society have occured a great change i.e. the working class therefore to appear , "urban resident" does not be few noble and attendants , is for nature plough the perception of America of landscape with farming already no longer for few noble place has alone. And what is more important is that gathering the people that hold in city need a body and mind to revive ( Recreation) space. Garden professional creative object is park and leisure green land. To be beautiful and create , it is more important, create for the body and mind of city resident revive. Use the words of ohm Si-Te-De( Olmsted): Civilized person when unceasing development medicine defeats various disease, at the same time, their health and happiness get the infringement of some more serious serious illness increasingly, for this, medicine is unable to help , since only passing through sunshine and mild exercise, balanced blood cycle and relax cerebrum make one regenerative and get health and happiness( see Charles, 1995, p43). And it is the pasture type scenery unfolded to be able to most develop the garden space of this kind of regenerative function of body and mind. The topography that rises and falls , meadow, grove and water call the participation of human body and mind and dissolve to enter. So called park type landscape( Park-like landscape). Landscape perception and accept to know that the research studied is considered , in park type landscape, have contained " enrich watch - shelter " and " may explore " space feature, thus have aroused the nature of mankind, so make body and mind have happiness( Appleton, 1975; Kapplan, 1982, 1985).
Industrial times
A important breakthrough is the appearance of garden professional designer, its representative figure is father Olmsted of American garden. Olmsted has started professional garden design general affairs in 1865 in America , is before this ( 1858-61), he and partnership person Vaux has completed the design of the central park of New York( Fig.1). Olmsted insists the special field of being engaged in self with " tradition makes garden "( Gardening) difference come open, the special field that is engaged in self is called as " landscape program design"( Landscape Architecture), is called as self " landscape program designer"( Landscape Architect), instead of "gardener"( Gardener). And develop garden professional education with great efforts, this century beginning when the initiation landscape of Harvard University program design special field( Landscape Architecture). Since then, it is social service to have appeared really, it has independent personality , is at the same time the professional designer troops that creates for career to live , instead of the dependency of few noble. Garden just becomes cradle and the mother's body of the American design of urban planning really as the hall of a subject and the elegance that mounts last world highest institution of higher learning. Since 1900 after Harvard starts landscape program design course, until 1909, just arises the course of urban planning, and in 1923, urban planning just formally separates and becomes independently a new special field from landscape program design.Because of professional education and the practice of Olmsted and its cooperator when the establishment of Harvard University, make the garden professional at the beginning convenient location of America be including urban and rural scenery road system and the system of city park and green land in a great campaign scope ( Parkway) program design, resident district, campus and real estate are developed , design and manage with the program of farm as well as national park etc., and expand the landscape design of theme amusement garden and expressway system further. American garden when the location of this period, is afterwards the development of world garden special field has established solid foundation, make the occupation of garden teacher do not be gardener and skill craftsman , but is that person holds environmental program designer and creation person.
Since being for the knowledge of park green land and the city resident health of body and mind and regenerative relation , the indexes such as the area of urban afforestation and the area of average per capita of green land had been often been used to measure city environmental quality. But if pursuing these indexes unilaterally , forget its function meaning of behind, garden is professional and convenient to lose its development direction.
1.3 rear industry withAfter the Second World War, western industrialization and urbanization development have reached climax, city just like the malignant tumor on the organism of the earth, development prolongs freely. Park green land already can't improve the environment of city, have especially gone to rear industrial times, for the fear of city besides industry and the development of traffic and communication the way of producing change make suburb melt malignant development, making the landscape of the earth have been cut limb get serious threat from the ecological process of breakage and nature, biological diversity is disappearing , at the same time, continuity and the survival of human self get threat. Subsequent internationalization makes thousand a hundred years come to develop the cultural many shapes of geting up , suffer great disaster, have also flooded the adaptation of mankind for nature many shapes of channel, this same threat goes to human survival in may? Gadgil., 1987)
Therefore garden professional service does not be confined to the health of body and mind of a group of certain person for elephant and revives , and it is that mankind is continuity and the survival of a species, and this again relies on the preservation of various cultural gene and continuity as well as the survival of other species. Defend natural process and other life to defend the survival of human self eventually. As the object of garden professional research now, have expanded the comprehensive body of the earth, is many ecosystems inlay body( Land Mosaic, Forman, 1995) by mankind culture circle and natural biosphere interaction form. Xie tune the correlation between biosphere and the cultural circle on different space yardstick becomes the pressing problem that garden professional place must face. Me. McHarg has first carried the big flag of ecological program, " he designs to follow nature "( Design With Nature, 1959 ), have marked garden special field to undertake the major important task of the human overall program design of ecological environment of rear industrial times bravely , make garden special field be on the foundation that Olmsted establishes have again expanded campaign greatly space. Ecological program or human ecology is planed ( McHarg, 1981 ), become most important one revolution on this century program history.
As soon as McHarg turns over the practice of function zone in former land and urban planning, emphasizing land to use program should follow natural intrinsic value and natural process, the suitability of land. And therefore, have perfected McHarg with factor stratified analysis and map overlay technology as key program methodology to call " multi-layer steamed bread pattern"( Layer - cake model, 1981)( Fig.3 since) near half century, follow natural design pattern to put up between ecology and human campaign a bridge, also make garden special field become nucleus in environmental doctrine sport.
But very quickly, people have discovered the abuse of multi-layer steamed bread program pattern , most stress have at two o'clock, it is first, this pattern emphatic vertical natural process, the ecological relation that occurs in certain a landscape unit, have overlooked horizontal ecological process, occur the ecology between landscape unit to flow , it is to develop on the pattern foundation of " investigate rear program first " of earlier Pattrik Geddes or garden educational domestic Eliot of early stage of Harvard basically and comes ( Faludi; 1978, the 1987s such as Steiner), it is biological, especially plant, it is for the popularization of environmental adaptive ecology thought , so, McHarg tries best to emphasize that certain a landscape unit inland quality - soil - hydrology - vegetation - animal and mankind move about the vertical process between and land use. Second, multi-layer steamed bread pattern emphatic human campaign and land use theory of deciding nature of program, program is to meet natural process except knowing natural process. This when is unrealistic usually , landscape program process is the process of plead , instead of theory of deciding nature process( Steinitz, 1985, Faludi, 1987 ), it must consider the behavior of policymaker. Had been cut more moreover naturally by mankind have disintegrated.
Along with the development of landscape ecology, the research for horizontal ecological process deepens gradually, landscape ecology( Landscape Ecology) emphasizes the correlation between horizontal ecological process and landscape general layout , studies the ecosystem between each other and the space general layout between many ecosystems, including material flow, species flow , the proliferation that disturbs ( Forman and Godron, 1986; Formn, 1995). And use a basic pattern, " spot piece - gallery - basal manure" come to analyse and change landscape , is taking this as foundation , have developed landscape ecological program pattern.
It is program and the program pattern of center with decision-making may defense thought has developed modern landscape program theory on another level, making the program focus decided naturally return arrive with the program basic point of artificial center, can but move land on higher level Xie the relation of tune person and environment, the relation between and different land use, with maintenance person and other the health of life and last.
So, this times, the role of landscape program teacher is Xie tune person and conductor, the object that he serves is human and other species, the object that he studies and creates is landscape comprehensive body, it is human development and environment that it guides theory may continued theory and the overall science of human ecosystem, include human ecology and landscape ecology. Its evaluation criterion includes cultural many shapes and integrality, biological diversity and the continuity in landscape ecological process and general layout and contain Yi. The creation wanted person house environment is a kind of may last landscape( Sustainable landscape, Thayer, 1993).
Therefore it is not at the same time acting, it is different that because of different social demand and natural and social problem, garden professional and garden professional is faced with task, object and guidance theory, China society for the research of garden urgent demand is what? Is "51" the mould veins flower bed on square? Is "11" the fresh flower on street? Still park surrounds the meadow of the net of iron wire? Is filled with poem feelings to draw Yi pavilion building cabinet or the water rockery of layer upon layer?
銆€銆€2. The opportunity
2.1 Chinese realisticChina is now in the social period of a industrialization and rear industrialization process coexistence. Need not avoid to say that 560 decade is occured in the city of American and other developed countries have recured unfortunately with environmental problem on Chinese the earth , and is more serious. The environment and city been faced with by Chinese garden special field problem sums up to include:( 1) city population expand rapidly,( 2
) outdoor sport leisure space extreme( 3) land resource is extremely tense, therefore through enlarging the area of green land considerably , environmental channel does not realize improvement comparatively. Through suburb, melt to improve house
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